Stars :: essays research papers

STARS The extent scale was developed by an antiquated Greek space expert named Hipparchus in around 150 BC He positioned the stars he could find as far as their splendor, with 1 speaking to the most brilliant down to 6 speaking to the faintest. Present day space science has stretched out this framework to stars more brilliant than Hipparchus' first size stars and ones a whole lot fainter than 6. For reasons unknown, the eye detects splendor logarithmically, so each expansion in 5 sizes relates to an abatement in brilliance by a factor 100. The total greatness is the extent the stars would have whenever seen from a separation of 10 parsecs or some 32.6 light years. Clearly, Deneb is naturally extremely splendid to make this rundown from its more noteworthy separation. Rigel, of almost a similar total size, however closer, stands considerably higher in the rundown. Note that a large portion of these separations are extremely close by, on an astronomical scale, and that they are commonly questionable by at any rate 20%. All stars are variable somewhat; those which are obviously factor are set apart with a "v". What are obvious and outright sizes? Clear is the means by which splendid the appear to us in the sky. The scale is to some degree subjective, as clarified above, yet an extent contrast of 5 has been set to precisely a factor of 100 in force. Total extents are the manner by which brilliant a star would show up from some standard separation, subjectively set as 10 parsecs or about 32.6 light years. Stars can be as splendid as outright size - 8 and as black out as supreme extent +16 or fainter. There are in this manner (a not many) stars in excess of multiple times more splendid than Sirius, while barely any are known fainter than Wolf 356. Star, huge heavenly body made out of gravitationally contained hot gases emanating electromagnetic radiation, particularly light, because of atomic responses inside the star. The sun is a star. With the sole exemption of the sun, the stars seem, by all accounts, to be fixed, keeping up a similar example in the skies a seemingly endless amount of time after year. Truth be told the stars are in fast movement, however their separations are extraordinary to such an extent that their relative changes in position become evident just throughout the hundreds of years. The quantity of stars obvious to the unaided eye from earth has been assessed to add up to 8000, of which 4000 are noticeable from the northern half of the globe and 4000 from the southern side of the equator. At any one time in either half of the globe, just around 2000 stars are obvious.

European Enlightenment and Modern Schooling Essay

European Enlightenment and Modern Schooling - Essay Example These rationalists additionally felt that if individuals were without left to utilize their forces of reason, they would act in manners that would improve their general public, as they were naturally acceptable. Likewise, both human happiness and nobility required their freedom from pointless limitations, most of which were cultivated on them by the congregation just as the state. The promoters of the Enlightenment's all out restriction to institutional government and sorted out religion indicated their disdain for the establishments that managed the majority mercilessly previously, just as an inclination to help idealistic rebuilding plans. The vast majority of these rationalists accepted distinctly in human improvement through instruction. They accepted that the general public would develop great if its residents were allowed to utilize their forces of reason. The two essential attributes of the convictions of the Enlightenment were: Belief in human wisdom’s ability to dispo se of the traditional practices and the pre-built up foundations Ideas the advancement of valuable, utilitarian data as the ability to oversee and protect nature. Instruction in the Past previously, training in Europe was constantly impacted by the opposition and strife between various strict divisions. The Catholic Counter-Reformation and the protestant reconstruction are cases that confirm this reality in a superior way. Strict standards upheld the training of a picked not many during the medieval times. During the Renaissance, notwithstanding, extra reasons were incorporated as a methods for teaching more residents. For example, the advancement of the economies of urban areas in Italy in the fifteenth century necessitated that numerous youngsters get guidance with respect to mainstream life. Beforehand, the... This exposition supports that The qualities of research examines are very like those of the debate. The announcing is directed out in the open, and the laws overseeing the assessments express that the understudy must have led the examination or if nothing else participated in it. The exploration gauges for the conveyance of the work are objective just as express. This report makes an end that the standards of the Enlightenment originated from faith in the capacities of human motivation to determine, by methods for logical progression and instruction, the troubles confronting mankind and, in this manner, change society. In the eighteenth century, the promoters of the Enlightenment battled against the built up establishments in British society to persuade their plans to be perceived. An enormous number were imprisoned, while others were blocked by government concealment exercises, just as by the assaults from the congregation. In any case, by the 1770s, second-age beliefs were getting government assets and assuming responsibility for perceived scholarly foundations of training. The enormous increment in the creation of books just as papers guaranteed a broad dispersion of the Enlightenment ideas. Philosophical papers and precise trials became to be popular in all classes of society, including components of the church and the honorability. A lio n's share of European rulers additionally started to tout distinct thoughts, or if nothing else the declarations of the Enlightenment. They were not veritable, realizing that the Enlightenment would spell the start of the end for them.

Argument Essay Topics For Eighth Grade - Facts, Figures, and Research

Argument Essay Topics For Eighth Grade - Facts, Figures, and ResearchArgument essay topics for eighth grade involve topics that are related to social studies. Students will need to analyze current events that are related to these topics and present the information in a persuasive manner. They will be able to do this by combining facts and figures from different areas of study. With a good understanding of how to handle this type of essay, they can write a high quality one that provides a stimulating and intellectual reading experience.Grammar is very important to help students build their arguments. Many authors will present facts and figures without referencing the proper sources. This is not a cause for concern. Students can find a source or use a resource list. It is possible to learn how to organize their research properly.A student needs to have basic knowledge of areas of study and facts that they need to address in their argument. With an excellent grasp of grammar and the use of sources, they can take advantage of this knowledge. With this information, they can construct arguments that make sense to them.The use of a resource list will provide students with the tools they need to build arguments in the most effective way possible. They can use this as a guide to create research tasks. The use of resource lists, such as questionnaires, can be found in many high schools. The use of this information will help the students learn how to organize and make use of their sources.When a student has been given a deadline to submit a project, they should use their resource list as a tool to make sure that they are providing all of the information necessary. The assignment should make sense for them and should allow them to demonstrate their writing skills. They should not be able to avoid writing certain parts of the assignment because they are required to use sources.The assignment should be written out as a research project using the resources listed on the resou rce list. It should follow a logical sequence of events and should provide all of the necessary information. They should look at any information that they need and present it in the best possible way. They should keep in mind that if they do not address the main points of their argument, they will lose the reader's attention.Argument essay topics for eighth grade will require students to take a variety of different perspectives. Students will need to analyze some of the issues they encounter and come up with creative ways to present their findings. Writing with facts and figures does not always provide a good reason for why something is happening in the world. They should make the information easier to understand and present the information in an organized fashion.When a student has a difficult time putting together a coherent argument, they should seek professional assistance. They should find someone who is trained in argument writing. They should speak with a writer who can provi de them with tips and advice on how to structure their argument. These writers are there to help students make their essays easy to read and to present the information properly.

The Middle Stone Ages Most Advanced Stone Toolmakers

Howiesons Poort and Stillbay industries of southern Africa are among the most advanced stone tool industries of the African Middle Stone Age, identified at a handful of archaeological sites, mostly caves in South Africa. Recent investigations at Sibudu Cave, as additional data supporting the earlier excavations, have achieved a timeline of between ~77,000-70,000 years before the present for Stillbay and ~66,000-58,000 bp for Howiesons Poort. Howiesons Poort and Stillbay Living These sites contain lithic stone industries that are comparable to European Upper Paleolithic in their sophistication, yet they date fully 20,000 to 30,000 years earlier than the UP. Stone tools from these industries include crescent-shaped blades (arguably hafted) and lanceolate projectile points. Bone artifacts include tools, perhaps even bone arrow points. Other advances shown by Howiesons Poort individuals include abstract portable art, in the form of ochre which has been engraved in a cross-hatched pattern. Some scholars have pointed to similarly sophisticated industries in eastern Africa and Asia, at dates ranging about 30,000 to 50,000 BP. This may thus represent the migration of Early Modern Humans from South Africa beginning about 60,000 years ago along the Southern Dispersal Route, well before the European colonization by Africans leading to the European Upper Paleolithic. Dating the Middle Stone Age in South Africa Recent examination of dates from several sites in South Africa by Jacobs and colleagues found that Howiesons Poort and Still Bay are clearly separate cultures, separated by several thousand years. Howiesons Poort/Still Bay sites South Africa: Pinnacle Point, Rose Cottage Cave, Blombos Cave, Border Cave, Klasies River Caves, Sibudu Cave Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to the Middle Paleolithic, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology.Backwell, Lucinda, Francesco dErrico, and Lyn Wadley 2008 Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(6):1566-1580.Henshilwood CS, and Dubreuil B. 2011. The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, 77-59 ka: Symbolic Material Culture and the Evolution of the Mind during the African Middle Stone Age. Current Anthropology 52(3):361-400.Henshilwood, Christopher S., et al. 2002 Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa. Science 295:1278-1280.Jacobs, Zenobia, et al. 2008. Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal. Science 322(5902):733-735.Lombard, Marlize, and Justin Pargeter 2008 Hunting with Howiesons Poort segments: pilot experimental study and the functional interpretation of archaeological tools. Jour nal of Archaeological Science 35(9):2523-2531.McCall, Grant S. 2007 Behavioral ecological models of lithic technological change during the later Middle Stone Age of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(10):1738-1751.Mellars, Paul 2006 Going East: New Genetic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Modern Human Colonization of Eurasia. Science 313(5788):796-800.Mellars, Paul 2006 Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (25):9381-9386. Free downloadWadley, Lyn and Moleboheng Mohapi 2008 A Segment is not a Monolith: evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(9):2594-2605.

Environmental Laws And Its Effects On The United States

During the late 1700s, many Americans advocated for social justice, economic empowerment, property rights and environmental protection. Their advocacy created a national phenomenon that empowered government and policymakers to execute policies aimed at solving these problems nationwide. The government again took action to enact numerous laws, some of which became the foundation for modern environmental policy and regulations in the United States. â€Å"On the national level, the first federal action to respond to public concerns about air quality was the Clean Air Act of 1955† (Longhurst and Lewis 2010, 39).The implementation of some of these newly created environmental laws began to interfere with state regulations, and as such, they often violated citizen’s property rights. Although such policy oftentimes violates citizen rights, it allows government and policymakers to respond to the growing population and market demand. Infringement on property rights did not just t ake root in the environmental sector in the 1800s. It started as a result of massive construction, inadequate hazardous waste disposal systems, and overpopulation due to urbanization and economic growth in the nineteenth century. It became clear that uncontrolled pollution, including underwater pollutions, led to the spread of environmental disease, thus affecting human health and safety. The federal government understood that the negative effects of unrestrained urbanization were posing a major challenge for itsShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Pollution And Natural Resource Management1248 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases and many more environmental problems. As the result of this, a evolving of transboundary effects of environmental pollution and natural resource management, soil erosion environmental problem and degradation continues to happen as the result of global trade which is becoming the pillar of many of our environmental problems and such problem are no longer national problem but an international one. Due to this, international trade has had profound impact on environmental pollution, deforestationRead MoreEnvironmental Factors1188 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Factors Week 5 Chris Eden MKT/421 January 28, 2013 Environmental factors are identifiable elements in the physical, cultural, demographic, economic, political, regulatory, and technological environment that affect the survival, operations, and growth of an organization. A global organization such as McDonalds has to take into consideration these environmental factors to continue to grow outside the borders of the United States. This paper will analyze global economic interdependenceRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges facing the American Auto Industry The American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far theRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental justice is a term coined in the United States that usually deals with two different things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the conceptRead MoreOutcome of RIO earth summit 19921626 Words   |  7 Pagessustainable development. Acknowledging the twin crises of poverty and the environment. About the Conference†¦ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 2 week conference Largest gathering of world leaders in history â€Å"historic moment for humanity† Influenced all subsequent UN conferences Why†¦ To discuss and reconcile major worldwide development issues with environmental protection in view Global Warming Sustainable Development Preservation of Tropical Rain Forests When WhereRead MoreThe Love Canal Crisis : An Epidemic1709 Words   |  7 PagesJames Daniel Mr. Peters Honors Environmental Science 11 November 2016 A Civil Action The Love Canal crisis is an epidemic that will shake the roots of this country for centuries. From 1942 to 1953 a landfill in Niagara Falls area known as the Love Canal; which is named after 18th-century famous entrepreneur William T. Love who had an aspiration to connect two levels of the Niagara River, which evidentially separated by Niagara Falls. His plan sought to integrate a canal that would utilizeRead MoreCommand And Control Policy. Student’S Name:. Institution:.1523 Words   |  7 Pagescountries like the United States of America enacted command and control policies to try and curb the rate of pollution of the environment (Davies Mazurek, 2014 ). This paper will explain the command and control policy, give an example where the policy has been used, outline how it has fared since its enactment and the economic principle behind its design. About the policy When the United States began enacting environmental laws in the 1760s and 1970s, one particular law specified how muchRead MoreToyota Motor Corporation Of Japan Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far the Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan has surpassed all the AmericanRead MoreEssay on Environmental Racism1450 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscusses acts of racism, slander or the stereotyping of a group of people may come to mind. However, the concept of environmental racism is rarely considered. This form of racism positions dominant environmental framing as racially driven, in which people of color (i.e. minorities) are affected disproportionately by poor environmental practices. Communities of color throughout the United States have become the dumping grounds for our nation’s waste disposal, as well as home to agricultural and/or manufacturingRead MoreThe Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program1355 Words   |  6 Pagesstill continue to operate and fulfill their obligations to their stockholders by making a profit. Prior to the current trend of environmental interest, certain industries had negatively affected the environment in the course of doing normal business. As a resu lt, governments have enacted laws that limited the amount of pollution that a firm can release. One such law is the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, which in a nutshell, stipulates mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases released by certain

General George Washington As A Leader - 901 Words

General George Washington was conceivably the one indispensable man among the Founding Fathers. He was the only one out of many others to command the respect needed to lead the Continental Army to victory over Great Britain and presiding over the Constitutional Convention. He was indeed born as a leader to which a leader is defined as one who mobilizes others toward a goal shared by leader and followers. During the eight year Revolutionary war from 1775-1783 with Great Britain and America soldiers, General George Washington has proven himself to be a formidable leader that made him recognizable in a much later life such as his presidential selection. John C. Maxwell, the author of Communication Lessons From America’s Founding Father, draws the attention of General Washington strength qualities of being a leader as it explains â€Å"They watched him lead a bedraggled army of ill-equipped, under-clothed soldiers in battle against the world’s mightiest, most professional fighting force--the British Army.† In contrast, Mary Theobald, the author of Whatever happened to Benedict Arnold? argues â€Å"...trusted by Washington that the British thought him incorruptible, had attempted to betray his country by surrendering West Point.† Yet this disagreement raises the question, what does General Washington’s strengths and weakness lies during the Revolutionary War as he serves his role as the Commander in Chief? Based on research, General Washington’s leadership during that period had conveyedShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington As A General Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington as a General. 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He headed the convention that created the U.S. Constitution, as president of the republic Washington has created a basis for a federal government in which the Americans were able to find their national agreement. Despite his accomplishments as a generalRead MoreBipgraphy of George Washington Essays1015 Words   |  5 PagesYes, George Washington was our first president so he had to be a good leader, but everybody struggles. Of course, this did apply to George Washington and he was still the best man to begin our country’s government. To discover the details, however, investigation and explanation is required. Born in 1732 at Wakefield Plantation in Virginia, George Washington became his father’s eldest of six children in his second marriage. His father did his best to provide him with tutors and private schoolsRead MoreGeorge Washington And The Civil War1049 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia on February 22, 1732. His family then moved to a plantation near Fredericksburg and spent most of his youth at the plantation. His father, Augustine Washington, married Jane Butler, but then Jane died in 1729. Then Augustine Washington married in Mary Ball in 1731. They had 7 children, including George Washington. He lived in 1732 to a wealthy plantation owner. Very little is known about George Washington’s childhood. From age 7 to 15 GeorgeRead MoreGeorge Washington s Leadership Style932 Words   |  4 Pages George Washington’s Leadership George Washington s strong, courageous, intelligent leadership was important because it brought the victory of the American patriots over the British in the Revolutionary War. George Washington and his leadership skills made this a great place. He paved the way for American Generals. George Washington was a great man who also lead us to victory. He also gave up lots of things to be general and president. Mount Vernon was a very mysterious place. George WashingtonRead MoreThe Revolutionary War By David Mccullough Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe life and struggles of George Washington as he progresses through life and the war. It was helpful that the author showed his perspective and thoughts as he grew to become the leader many people think him as today. It is stated that George washington was not a very strong leader when he took control on July third, but it was his perseverance and unrelenting determination that ultimately won the war. Also, The author chose to give insight into the other important leaders who influenced how the warRead MoreEssay on General George Washington and The Continental Army1009 Words   |  5 PagesSpearheading these new ideals was General George Washington and his continental army, but the road ahead of Washington and his men was not an unproblematic one. The winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania proved this to Washington and his men. Yet the true Ame rican ideal of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness were never forgotten in their battle. General George Washington gained command of the continental army in July 3, 1775 from the directions of General Artemus Ward who said, â€Å"The ContinentalRead MoreNational Geographic: The Real George Washington (2008).1471 Words   |  6 PagesGeographic: The Real George Washington (2008) George Washington was a natural-born leader. If the stature of a six-foot-two-inch man was not indicative of natural leadership, Washington’s humility, integrity, and military prowess, was. Yet a man of very few words, Washington could command militias with a single raised arm, and lead an infant-country on bended knee. Washington was a leader through action; he was not verbose, ambiguous, or bombastic. Knowing this, Washington led America (along withRead MoreDivine Intervention : The American Revolution1265 Words   |  6 PagesYorktown. After this the American Army would be quelled by washington himself with the overwatch of christ. God’s divine intervention allowed not only Washington but his soldiers to be protected and guided through the most obscure and uncertain battle experiences in unknown territory, proving to American Patriots of the 21st century that God’s intervention was essential to the American’s victory in the Revolutionary War. George Washington and the Continental Army miraculously survived the perilousRead MoreEssay about Analysis of 1776, by David McCullough978 Words   |  4 Pageswith them, specifically General George Washington with whom the reader emphasizes constantly with throughout the war. With the great description of the characters and events we feel as if we are there and in doing this the author creates understanding, the reader by knowing all sides and characters’ personalities the feels they know why the Revolution happened the way it did. McCullough seems to have little bias when the novel begins with the introduction of King George the third. Still youthful

Introduction to Sociology Research Essay Example For Students

Introduction to Sociology Research: Essay Marxism Define this perspective and outline in detail its goals, methods, fundamental concepts, and principle contributors. Evaluate the usefulness of this perspective in understanding social life and social interaction. Issues to consider could include: famous and controversial theories; the problem of social order; class, gender, ethnicity, media or religion Amber Gallagher Teacher: Conor Bendle Word count: 1,216 Due: Tuesday, 16th March 2004 No thinker in the 19th Century has had such a direct, deliberate and powerful influence upon mankind as Karl Marx, and now his concept of Marxism is a major perspective in modern sociology. Karl Marxs revolutionary philosophies lead to the practice of socialism and communism, then ultimately the overthrow of an entire capitalist society and the state institutions that had brought it into being, through the Communist Revolutions in Eastern Europe and China during the last century. The main concepts that create the theory of Marxism are: a criticism of capitalism, a classless society and classical political economics. Karl Marxs famous theories to help define Marxism include: dialectical materialism, the law of development and the mode of production. Within his lifetime, a new revolutionary practice was formed, and Marxs name would be forever associated with that practice (Kreis, 2003). The German-born Karl Marx was a philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, and possibly the most influential socialist thinker to emerge from the nineteenth century (Kreis, 2003). He completed the greater part of his work between 1844 and 1883, during periods of democratic nationalism, trade unionism and revolution. He had an acute sense of injustice and was repelled by the rhetoric of the intellectuals, who were remote from reality, and the self-righteous contentment of the bourgeoisie, as he found they were hypocritical and blinded by their wealth and status (Kreis, 2003). Fredrich Engels was essentially a social philosopher, and was the co- founder of the modern communist theory with Karl Marx. In 1847 Engels and Marx began writing a pamphlet based on Engels The Principles of Communism. The 12,000-word pamphlet was finished in six weeks, written in such a manner as to make communist theory understandable to a wide audience. It was named The Communist Manifesto and was published in February 1848. After Marxs death in 1883 Engels devoted the rest of his life to editing and translating Marxs writings. Marxism can sometimes be defined as the theory of dialectical materialism based on communist practice. Dialectical Materialism is a way of understanding reality; whether thoughts, emotions, or the material world. The materialist dialectic is the theoretical foundation of Marxism, while being communist is the practice of Marxism (Marxists.org, 2003), where communists actively support the interests of the working class and live to unite workers regardless of gender, nationality, race or ideology (Perry, 2002). Dialectics in Marx referred to opposing forces in reality: internal and inherent forces whose mutual conflicts produce metamorphoses. Men are products of their environment in general and their economic environment in particular (Sowell, 1985). This dialectical idea of self-destruction through self-fulfillment is predominantly stating that the culture destroys itself by perfecting itself (Wolton, 1996). Marx distinguished five broad stages in the formation of a bourgeois society. He named these Modes of Production. In Marxs writings the five major historical modes of production are: primitive communism, the ancient mode of production, Asiatic mode of production, feudism and capitalism (Evans, 1993; Perry, 2002). Social development from the lowest stage to the highest was marked by increases in human powers of production, the elaboration of the division of labour, and the rise of the institution of private property. The contradictions within the highest existing stage (i.e.: a bourgeois society) would lead to its replacement by a still higher stage: communism (Evans, 1993). .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 , .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .postImageUrl , .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 , .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:hover , .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:visited , .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:active { border:0!important; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:active , .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47 .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u480d439353dfbb037f68a1570724aa47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Genome Project 2 Essay Socialism and communism were conceived as future modes of production that would liberate humanity from exploitation and oppression, using the general increase in the productive forces for the general good. Marx and Engel maintained that this mode of production opened a new possibility of a classless society: socialism. They devoted their lifes work to the achievement of this goal (Perry, 2002). In modern capitalism, large capitalist employers exploit workers by not paying them the full worth of their labour. Marx considered that the progression of capitalism, each technical advance and each accretion of productivity, was bought at the price of the exploitation and suffering of workers (Evans, 1993). In his theory on the capitalist system, Marx referrers to the de-humanisation of the worker, with the implication that this system of production denies them something that is their due as human beings. He argued that capitalism had either destroyed morality .

Two Weeks with the Queen by Mary Morris Essay Example

Two Weeks with the Queen by Mary Morris Essay Two weeks with the queen the play by Mary Morris is mainly about a boy who has to grow up and face the responsibilities of an adult. Colin and Alistair face many difficulties. Colin has to bear the illness of his brother, while Alistair faces the difficulty of standing up for himself. In this play many new things are learnt about coping with the challenges thrown at us by life. Alistair and Colin’s personality develops during the play. Colin Mudford is a 12 year old boy who lives in Australia. In the beginning his character is rowdy, rogue and rebellious. The line ‘Why wouldn’t the ambulance driver let me in the ambulance? Eh? I’ve never been in an ambulance. Why wouldn’t she? ’ indicates Colin’s arrogance and unwillingness to listen. At the start of the play Colin is a just an immature child who can’t control his emotions. Colin’s cousin Alistair, lives in England with his overprotective parents. Alistair’s personality is anxious, frightened and extremely dependant. ‘Quickest way’s by tube, but it’s pretty dangerous. You have to get in the same carriage as dozens of other people. You can catch cold, or flu, or anything’, this line demonstrates Alistair’s scared and worried personality. There are many differences between Alistair and Colin. Alistair’s personality is timid and shy whereas Colin’s personality is outgoing and wild. Colin and Alistair both face many challenges. Colin faces the challenge of facing and understanding his brother’s ailment. Colin doesn’t understand Luke’s illness. He thinks that anything is curable and that the doctors are ‘bein’ slack. ‘If they can sew a bloke’s foot in and put a new heart in somebody surely they can cure a bit of cancer’, this quote demonstrates Colin’s inability to cope and understand how great Luke’s cancer is. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Weeks with the Queen by Mary Morris specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Two Weeks with the Queen by Mary Morris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Two Weeks with the Queen by Mary Morris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the other hand Alistair faces the problem of being overprotected and overruled by his parents. Alistair is under total control of his mother and father. He has no say and no independence. ‘Now Alistair, take two kelp tablets every four hours with water and one vitamin C tablet every two hours with milk and no running around’ this quote clearly proves that Alistair is told each and every thing to do and is not permitted to be independent or look after himself. The characters of Alistair and Colin change quite rapidly. Colin changes from rowdy and arrogant to calmer and understanding person. Meeting the gay couple, Ted and Griff is one of the causes of Colin’s change in personality. Colin realizes that he isn’t the only one with problems and learns to control his wild emotions. ‘Colin, I know you probably don’t like soppy stuff. But we wanted to say thanks. ’ This line shows that Colin has changed and made a few miserable people happy once more. Colin’s personality also changes because of the separation between him and his family. Alistair changes his personality later on in the play. He gains courage and stands up for himself. He learns how to be brave and confident from his experience with Colin. ‘Do this Alistair, do that! Well, I’ve had it! What makes you grown-ups so smart that you know what’s best for everybody? ’ This line shows that Alistair has learnt to be independent and stand up for himself. The challenges of growing up are many. One has to learn how to deal with problems, issues and responsibilities. Learning how to understand and face challenges is another focal point in growing up. Alistair and Colin both deal with these issues in different ways. Colin learns by making new friends and being separated from his family and friends. Alistair faces his challenge with the help and experiences with Colin. Both boys successfully manage and overcome these issues. The personalities of Colin and Alistair change. Alistair changes from being small and unimportant to bold and brave whereas Colin changes from being rowdy and rebellious to understanding and mature. This play helps one understand that growing up is a challenge but with the help of others it becomes much easier.

Definition of Interpretive Sociology

Definition of Interpretive Sociology Interpretive sociology is an approach developed by Max Weber that centers on the importance of meaning and action when studying  social trends and problems. This approach diverges from positivistic sociology by recognizing that the subjective experiences, beliefs, and behavior of people are  equally important to study as are observable, objective facts. Max Webers Interpretive Sociology Interpretive sociology was developed and popularized by Prussian founding figure of the field Max Weber. This theoretical approach and the research methods that go with it is rooted in the German word  verstehen, which means to understand, in particular to have a meaningful understanding of something. To practice interpretive sociology is to attempt to understand social phenomena from the standpoint of those involved in it. It is, so to speak, to attempt to walk in someone elses shoes and see the world as they see it. Interpretive sociology is, thus, focused on understanding the meaning that those studied give to their beliefs, values, actions, behaviors, and social relationships with people and institutions. Georg Simmel, a contemporary of Weber, is also recognized as a major developer of interpretive sociology. This approach to producing theory and research encourages sociologists to view those studied as thinking and feeling subjects as opposed to objects of scientific research. Weber developed interpretive sociology because he saw a deficiency in the positivistic sociology pioneered by French founding figure Émile Durkheim. Durkheim worked to make sociology be seen as a science by centering empirical, quantitative data as its practice. However, Weber and Simmel recognized that the positivistic approach is not able to capture all social phenomena, nor is it able to fully explain why all social phenomena occur or what is important to understand about them. This approach focuses on objects (data) whereas interpretive sociologists focus on subjects (people). Meaning and the Social Construction of Reality Within interpretive sociology, rather than attempting to work as detached, seemingly objective observers and analyzers of social phenomena, researchers instead work to understand how the  groups they study actively construct the reality of their everyday lives through the meaning they give to their actions. To approach sociology this way is often necessary to conduct participatory research that embeds the researcher in the daily lives of those they study. Further, interpretive sociologists work to understand how the groups they study construct meaning and reality through attempts to empathize with them, and as much as possible, to understand their experiences and actions from their own perspectives. This means that sociologists who take an interpretive approach work to collect qualitative data rather than quantitative data because taking this approach rather than a positivistic one means that a research approaches the subject matter with different kinds of assumptions, asks different kinds of questions about it, and requires different kinds of data and methods for responding to those questions. The methods interpretive sociologists employ include in-depth interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic observation. Example: How Interpretive Sociologists Study Race One area in which positivistic and interpretive forms of sociology produce very different kinds of questions and research is the study of race and social issues connected with it. Positivistic approaches to this are of study tend to focus on counting and tracking trends over time. This kind of research can illustrate things like how education level, income, or voting patterns differ on the basis of race. Research like this can show us that there are clear correlations between race and these other variables. For example, within the U.S., Asian Americans are the most likely to earn a college degree, followed by whites, then Blacks, then Hispanics and Latinos. The gap between Asian Americans and Latinos is vast: 60 percent of those aged 25-29 versus just 15 percent. But these quantitative data simply show us that a problem of educational disparity by race exists. They dont explain it, and they dont tell us anything about the experience of it. In contrast, sociologist Gilda Ochoa took an interpretive approach to studying this gap and conducted long-term ethnographic observation at a California high school to find out why this disparity exists. Her 2013 book,  Academic Profiling:  Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Achievement Gap​, based on interviews with students, faculty, staff and parents, as well as observations within the school, shows that it is unequal access to opportunities, racist and classist assumptions about students and their families, and differential treatment of students within the schooling experience that leads to the achievement gap between the two groups. Ochoas findings run counter to common assumptions about the groups that frame Latinos as culturally and intellectually deficient and Asian Americans as model minorities and serve as a fantastic demonstration of the importance of conducting interpretive sociological research.

Written response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Written response - Essay Example hat he hoped that while they may not agree with or support what Kennedy had in store during his time in office that they would at least continue to support the efforts of freedom that Kennedy was instilling on the nation. This would help to ensure the survival and success of liberty, everything that the nation stands for. President Kennedy went on to discuss the purposes and benefits of unity. If we stopped fearing each other, we could become more successful in our endeavors. We could make advancements in science, medicine, and technology; instead of fearing these things, we can work together to make them work for us. However, states and countries must show honest sincerity when deciding to work together with the rest of the nation. As Kennedy said, â€Å"Civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.† Kennedy drew his address to a close with the immortal words that we have all become familiar with: â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.† He furthered his statement to encompass the world, saying, â€Å"Ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.† Kennedy knew the importance of working together as a united world, becoming one instead of falling apart and going against each other as many. He extended his hand of freedom and peace to the entire human race, not just a select

M6A1-Question 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M6A1-Question 2 - Essay Example sition to identify the three needs that prevails among the organizational employees, then it would give the leaders a perfect opportunity to determine various ways in which the organizational employees can be motivated. In most cases, organizational employees tend to look upon their organizational leaders in order to depict what they best see. This means that the effective leaders should at least empower other organizational members who will be in a position to make use of the power given to them by furthering the vision of the leaders (McClelland, 2008). Leaders who tend to be driven by the urge of power in most cases they fail to misinterpret it for egoism. This aspect is seen as a positive move because in most cases, they still have the ability of maintaining social relationships in their organizations and with their workers (Passmore, 2010). Alternatively, the aspect of ignoring power related concerns when it comes to organizational operations and activities might end up being negative for both the organizational employees and the organizational leaders. In most cases, ignorance of power related concerns especially in the organization mostly leads to tension and bad blood between organizational employees and the leaders. Advising these types of leaders on how best they can handle their power would be one of the cautions to offer to such leaders. Alternatively, engaging in leadership seminars is also important in such cases. During the seminars, the leaders would be given the best advice on how to control their organizational powe rs (Schemerhon, 2011). Very few aspects tend to be more important when it comes to human activities as compared to the aspect of power and leadership in the organization. In as much as power tends to be important generally, the main risk that comes with it is the increased or the excessive power, which a person has. The importance of power is when the leaders can bring out a success story from a weak business plan. This implies that

The Cause and Effects of the Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Cause and Effects of the Great Depression Essay Many people speculate that the stock market crash of 1929 was the main cause of The Great Depression. In fact, The Great Depression was caused by a series of factors, and the effects of the depression were felt for many years after the stock market crash of 1929. By looking at the stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, reduction of purchasing, American economic policy with Europe, and drought conditions, it becomes apparent that The Great Depression was caused by more than just the stock market crash. The effects were detrimental beyond the financial crisis experienced during this time period. The first and most obvious known factor in the development of The Great Depression is the stock market crash of 1929. The Money Alert website states that, â€Å"When the stock market crashed in 1929, it didn’t happen on a single day. Instead, the stock market continued to plummet over the course of a few days setting in motion one of the most devastating periods in the history of the United States† (The Money Alert). Many investors would buy stocks on a margin where they would purchase the stocks with borrowed money. This was a great option for buyers when the stock market was on the rise. However, when the stocks plummeted, the financial institutions that had loaned the money for the stock purchase went to collect the capital that had been loaned out and were unable to do so. This, in effect, caused banks to lose money as a result of being unable to collect on the debt, and the investors were unable to collect their losses. In addition to private investors, banks and businesses were investing in margin loans as well. So, these poor investment strategies led the banking industry to lose the majority of their assets, including money from bank customers that had no knowledge that their money was being used for this purpose. Since no government regulations were in place to protect investors and banks in this circumstance, this ultimately led to the effect of the stock market crash, which paved the way for America to go into The Great Depression. The banking industry’s reaction to the stock market crash, would be the next major cause of the Great Depression. The banking industry as a whole after the stock market crashed was going bankrupt due to not being able to carry the â€Å"bad debt† that was created from using customer money to buy stock. Because the banks were out of money, they were unable to cover customer withdrawals from their bank, causing many bank customers to lose all of their savings. With the uncertainty of the future of the banking industry, many people withdrew all of their savings, which caused more than 9,000 banks to close their doors and go out of business (Kelly). Due to the effects of the Great Depression, and the collapse of the banking industry, the government created regulations to prevent similar failure in the future. For Example, the SEC, (or Securities Exchange Commission), which regulates the sell and trade of stocks, bonds and other investments was created as a result of The Great Depression. The FDIC (or Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), was created to insure bank accounts so that that the consumer would be protected if the bank were to go out of business (Kelly). The Great Depressions effect on the banking industry led to many useful changes to the banking industry and helped restore confidence in banks in the American people. The next major factor that contributed to the Great Depression was the reduction of goods being purchased during the time period. After the stock market crashed, consumers from all economic classes in America were uncertain of the stability of the economy, and stopped purchasing consumer goods. The effect of not purchasing goods caused many companies to begin to produce a surplus, or an excess of goods, which caused companies to reduce their unneeded workforce (Kelly). Since so many people were out of work, they too were unable to purchase goods, and soon a domino effect was created and many companies went out of business. During this time period, many people purchased goods on payment plans, similar to the modern credit system we use today, and their inability to pay caused many companies to repossess the purchased goods. This caused companies to have additional inventory of products that contributed to the lack of need to manufacture additional products (Kelly). By this time, more than 25% of the workforce was now out of work, and due to the overproduction of goods and overstock of inventory, there weren’t enough consumers to purchase these goods (Kelly). Another major contributing factor to The Great Depression was America’s economic policy with Europe. During the midst of the depression, the government decided to create the Smoot-Hawley Tariff to help protect American companies by taxing import goods from Europe. The government initially created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff to protect America by making foreign agricultural goods more expensive than domestic products so that foreign goods would cost more than local grown goods(Kelly). Due to many revisions during the initial stages of the tariff, many other American businesses were included in its protection. The effect of the tariff on trade with Europe caused unstable relations with European countries. Also, many of the European nations began to boycott goods sold by American companies in an act of retaliation for the tariff (Kelly). Having this tariff in effect during the Great Depression caused a prolonged recovery in the American economy due to the decline in Europe purchasing consumer goods from America, in addition to the decline of domestic goods purchases. The final major contributing factor in the great depression was the massive drought that took place during the 1930s. Though the drought wasn’t a direct cause to the depression, it did, however, add to the turmoil that was taking place during this time period. The drought of the 1930s had a very drastic effect on many reigns of the United States which caused both economic and ecologic problems to the country. The economic problems caused by the Great Depression were mostly concentrated in the Mississippi valley, where farmers were unable to pay the tax on the land and most were left no choice but to sell their farms for no profit. This caused a decline in agriculture goods available in America, due to the lack of farming during this time period (Kelly). The ecological effects of the drought, combined with the effects of over-farming the land, caused the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl was caused by over-farming the land and not correctly rotating the crops. By not rotating the crops correctly, the top soil became damaged. Because of the damages to the top soil, the land became infertile, and many people were forced to abandon their land or sell off their property. The timing of the drought, along with the effects that it had on the economy, forced the Great Depression further into turmoil and made recovery even more out of reach for the country (Bonnifield). The stock market crash did, however, act as the match that lit the fire that was The Great Depression. Along with the stock market, the cause of the depression was also contributed to the banking industry’s inability to cover losses sustained during the stock market crash. Also, the reduction of manufacturing and purchasing goods caused a toxic cycle of workers not being able to work, in turn not being able to consume goods, which further sank the country into financial hardship. With the tariffs in effect with Europe, the consumption of America’s goods by foreign nations greatly decreased, which caused the country to fall further behind in recovery of the economic turn-down. In addition to these circumstances, the timing of the drought that occurred in this time period caused many of the farmers supporting our agriculture to fold, and created one of the largest man-made natural disasters in history. Careful of these factors shows that it took more than a crisis in the stock market to cause America to go into the greatest economic slump ever experienced in the history of our country.

An Analysis Of Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay -- Hills Li

In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† I found many layers of symbolism, and a fascinating psychological underplay afoot between his two characters. It begins with the girl’s comment about a line of white hills seen in the distance, which she compares to white elephants. The man responds with the comment â€Å"I’ve never seen one.† The symbolism of a white elephant is widely known as something very large or apparent that no one wishes to acknowledge or speak of in American society. It is an interesting opening to a very strained conversation concerning an apparent pregnancy, and the man’s wish to terminate it. The couple’s careful avoidance of actually naming the problem, or the proposed solution, suggests the situation in which a mate, reluctant to assume responsibility, or unprepared for the task of parenthood, is lobbying to prevent it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her next comment, â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have.† the girl returns a very passive aggressive riposte, perhaps suggesting that the man cannot, or will not, recognize an unpleasant issue. His defensive reaction to her response suggests that she is correct. She then changes the subject casually, as though retreating from his irritation. He plays along with it in a placatory manner, seemingly eager to avoid an escalation of the tension that obviously exists between them. Clearly, the woman in this story is reluctant to abort her pregnancy, while the man is strongly committed to making it happen. After he orders them...

Political Typologies Essay

Liberal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The political typology quiz categorized me under the liberal typology group. The liberal typology group belongs support the ideologies of Democrats. It is also the largest group among the nine typology groups. According to the quiz, the liberal group is open to several controversial issues that are the main themes and topics of debates and arguments. These issues include homosexuality, abortion, euthanasia, etc. A most recent controversial social issue involves stem cell research. However, even if the liberal typology group is part of the Democratic Party, it still has distinct values apart from other groups that also belong to the same party. One that is particular to the liberal group is their stand on war. The liberal group is supportive of diplomacy as a means of promoting peace with other countries. Liberalist groups do not believe that war is the answer to conflicts and disagreements. In addition to this, the group does not support anti-terrorist laws, specifically the Patriot Act, that the U.S. government is implementing. Other issues include espousing same sex marriages and advocating the protection and the preservation of the environment. Moreover, the group is also sympathetic to the concerns of immigrants and labor unions. I agree with the results of the quiz because as I was reading the ideologies of the liberal group, I find myself agreeing to them. I do not believe in war, and I do not want to support it. I think wars just cause more wars. Instead of resolving issues, it makes it even more complicated. A lot of innocent lives have been lost just because of simple disagreements that the higher-ups should resolve by talking in peace, compromising, and deciding what is best for the country and other countries as well. I also respect other people in that I believe they have a choice whether to engage in same sex marriages, abortion, support stem cell research, adhere to any religious doctrine or not, etc. I think everyone has the right to decide for themselves and choose whatever it is that they want to do in life, well, as long as they do not do harm to others or the environment. That is a different case. In addition, the issue about labor unions and immigrants is also something that I agree with. There is no competition when it comes to immigrants and employment. They were qualified to work in the country; therefore, there should be no question whether they do harm or good to the economy. Moreover, the rights and concerns of labor unions should be addressed. I think large businesses should pay attention to them and practice humanitarianism in the sense that they should think more of the people who work for them than the money that they earn because of them. Works Cited The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2008). â€Å"Liberal.† Retrieved from The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 28 March 2008. .

Societys Benefits From The Internet Essay - 1279 Words

Before the invention of the internet, we would have to call one store after another to try to get the best price on a major purchase. When we did buy something, it was not from the convenience of our own home. We stood in line at the bank during â€Å"bankers’ hours†. As for finding information, we either did not find the information we needed or did so only through great effort and expense. We also were more isolated as individuals because of the barriers of time and distance. On the whole, it is clear that the internet has benefited society by allowing for easier communication and access to data. In particular, communication and access to data has been eased through the use of: the various forms of: networking; the web; and browsers.†¦show more content†¦This was a great advantage over having to mail a letter and wait for a response or make a comparatively expensive telephone call with the hope that your party is available. Another example of networking is â€Å"Packet Switching†. Packet Switching is the process of taking numerous files and combining them into a â€Å"Packet† to be sent in a space-saving way to another host/person. This enables files that were once too large to be sent over a network to actually be sent and received within a reasonable timeframe. Some common examples of data transferred in compressed form are downloaded movies, photographs, and software. Aside from networking, another part of the internet, and particularly the web, allows for faster communication and access to data. The web is a system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language). Through the use of this computer language, the internet has become a fundamental building block upon which to create a society that is fully benefitting from the internet. In particular, the web facilitates communication and data availability by allow ing the user to access information from a location other than the location where the data is stored, all without the trouble and delays of having to travel or mail a hard copy. One example of the faster communication and access to data allowedShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is Ruining Society779 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead they devote countless hours on various electronics ranging from tablets and computers to phones and TV’s. These inventions often show explicit and inappropriate material which corrupts children, and are slowly ruining society’s social skills. Various electronics are frequently used to go on pointless websites, such as Twitter and Facebook, which ruin society’s social abilities. More and more people use social media on the internet as a communication source. This does not apply merely to kids andRead MoreInternet Security Why Bother?859 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Security†¦ why bother? 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Following Knowledge management and organizational cultures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4846 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Knowledge is power. Nowadays, organizations are practicing knowledge as a competitive and the tactical tool as referred by many practitioners (Ducker 1994; Nonaka 1995; Zack 1999). Organizations use knowledge to acquire understanding and this knowledge help them to elevate their performance (Milton 2002). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Following Knowledge management and organizational cultures" essay for you Create order Knowledge can be bisected into two parts, a) explicit knowledge and b) tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge that can easily be coded e.g. documented, identified, and articulated. Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is extremely difficult to code e.g. identified, articulated and documented (Ford 2001; p.33). The main challenge for an organization is to produce skills linked to knowledge management (Hart 2004). Every organization is comprised of two types of assets, tangible and intangible assets. Tangible assets embody all those asset of organization that can be physically touched e.g. equipment or documents. Intangible assets embody all those assets that cannot be physically touched i.e. human thinking or knowledge. Organizations that desire their knowledge management dynamism to be successful, they have to transform their intangible assets to tangible assets. Organizations can transform their intangible asset to tangible asset by employing a process known as knowledge management or business intelligence (Muhamad and Hayati 2006). Knowledge management refers to the process through which organization creates, gather, organize, share and analyze its knowledge in terms of resources, documents and people skills (Muhamad and Hayati 2006; p.2).Today organizations are using the knowledge management process to preserve knowledge and experience of their employees. Organizations can make use of their knowledge and experience in the future (Dfouni and Croteau 2004).Benefits of knowledge management dynamism occur at both individual level and organizational level. Knowledge management eases an organization to make a) faster decision, b) empowerment and c) learning (Milton 2002).Organizational culture is defined as the way we do things around (Usoro and Kuofie 2006; p.17). Organizational culture should expedite knowledge management (Goh, Ryan et al. 2006). Organizational culture set the rules, assumptions, values, norms, beliefs, a way of doing things in the organization (Long 1997).It is the organizational culture that escorts members of the organization how to administer their knowledge effectively (Davel and Snyman 2007).Organizational culture is the single biggest hedge for knowledge management (Mason and Pauleen 2003). Organizational culture can be accessed by centering focus on the organizational task, structure, technology and people characteristics (Hurley and Green 2005). The intention of our research  was to  investigate the relationship between the knowledge management and organizational culture and addresses all those critical factors that can contribute either positively or negatively in the knowledge management. 2: Literature Review 2.1: Research Studies. Various practitioners demonstrated heterogeneous theories, models and case studies in which they debated the relationship between knowledge management and culture. Different studies have depicted organizational culture in diverse ways (Ladd and Ward 2002). (Long 1997) accessed organizational culture by applying behavioral perspective. According to him organizational knowledge and culture are closely allied. New behaviors are sculptured by the culture. He recommended four ways in which organizational culture impact behaviors central to knowledge management. 1) Culture and specifically subcultures outline our assumptions about what knowledge is 2) Culture conciliates the relationships between individual and organization-level knowledge. 3) Culture formulates the frame of reference for social interaction and 4) Culture silhouettes the procedures by which new organizational knowledge is taken, legitimated, and diffused. (Goh, Ryan et al. 2006) had accessed knowledge management within the Malaysian context, by applying a multiple case study approach. In addition, they examined the impact of a cultural factor upon knowledge management practice in the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) status companies in Malaysia. The study confirmed that cultural factors do play a consequent role in hyping knowledge management practice. Their study interrogated various cultural factors. A result concluded that collaboration, mutual trust, leadership, kiasu-ism and incentives/rewards have significant repercussions for knowledge management practice. (Muhamad and Hayati 2006) adopted case study approach to confirm the soundness of the research model known as Banking Knowledge Management Model (BKMM) in the banking sector. After inquiring into two banks, they accredited different organizational cultures connected factors. These factors are communication, reward systems, leadership, use of knowledge experts, group problem solving, sharing of new ideas and lack of training. (Usoro and Kuofie 2006) demonstrated a model which splits culture into two parts a) Organizational culture and b) Societal culture.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  To scale the organizational culture, they presented two forms of approaches and varying culture connected factors that can add in knowledge management. These approaches are, a) Value based approach and b) Work practices based approach. Value based approach include three dimensions, a) Trust, b) Share information freely and c) Work closely with others. Organizational culture is consisted of following attributes, Table 1: Organizational culture profile attributes as modified by Harper. Trust Problem solving Demanding of employee Flexibility Being exact Team oriented work Having a good reputation Stability Supportive of employees Decisiveness Sharing information freely Predictability Being competitive Tolerant of failure Rule-oriented Being thoughtful Socially responsible Being innovative Being aggressive Being different from others Compliance Being result-oriented Security of employment Experimentation Fairness Praised good performance Risk taking Informality Fitting in at work Being careful Develop friends at work Attention to detail Being easygoing Working closely with others Take advantage of opportunity Respect for individuals rights Being calm High expectation for performance Low level of conflict encouraged Enthusiasm for the job Freedom of action Taking initiative Confront conflict directly Source: (Park, Ribià ¨re et al. 2004) as cited by (Usoro and Kuofie 2006; p.19) Work practices based approach include five dimensions, a) Autonomy, b) Inter-departmental coordination, c) External orientation, d) Human resource orientation and e) Improvement orientation (Van den Berg and Wilderom 2004). According to (Flynn 2004) successful organizations are those who own up and intrigue their existing intellectual assets as well as devise new knowledge inside the organization. To be successful, an organizations must address affairs related to culture, strategy, policy, and practice. To address culture accompanying essentials, she  deployed audit approach. Cultural audit unveils foremost bulwarks to knowledge management process and system. Organizational culture associated ramparts to knowledge management   are, unwillingness to share knowledge, fear of knowledge sharing (job security), mistakes are not tolerated, too little time to share knowledge, no use of appropriate technology, information overloa d, command and control culture. (Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004) administered a survey on knowledge processes, culture, technological and socio-cultural affairs in the organization. Organizations cultural factors that are required for efficacious knowledge management are empowerment, leadership support (Nonaka and Konno 1998) and motivation. Human resource kindred factors that were singled out are, IT training, teamwork, communication, education, orientation and voluntary participation. (Chen and Mohamed 2008) demonstrated a theoretical framework on the business environment and endeavored to approach the impact of the organizational environment and technical environment on knowledge management from a strategic point of view. Every organization is comprised of an internal business environment and this internal environment can rescue organizations to carry out knowledge management. Knowledge management requires trust and collaboration. The outcomes of the study exhibited that both organizational environment and technical environment can affect organization knowledge management pursuits, but it is the organizational environment that has greater repercussions for knowledge management practices. (Choi 2004) attempted to scrutinize the knowledge supportive human resource (HR) factors that can influence the success of KM. Results proved that Top Management Support is a decisive factor for KM success. Factors that were accessed and conceived to be compulsory for the success of the knowledge management are training, employee involvement, teamwork and collaboration, employee empowerment and leadership. The results of a study reveal that leadership performs a more consequential role toward human resources supportive environment.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   According to (Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003) to measure the success or failure of KM some sort of valuation process has to be matured. They deployed a questionnaire instrument for KM projects. To review th e success of knowledge management in the organization, they  advised four factors, a) organizational environment, b) technical and managerial support, c) strategy and goals for knowledge management projects and d) utilization of knowledge and technology. Culture linked factors that can expedite knowledge management are, employee willingness, networks are formed, teams are built, employees are trained, staff is rotated, failure is seen as facilitator for learning, knowledge is shared at regular intervals, best practices are used, time is available to employees, free access to information, common language is spoken in the organization and rewards are given to those employees who support knowledge management.  Ãƒâ€š According to (Tuggle and Shaw 2000) KM can be enabled or impeded by organizations culture. One way to review an organizations culture is to cross examine the  impact of KM on an employees set of activities, meetings and attitudes. If the organization s culture brings changes to the individuals daily work routines, then the employee will be most likely to embrace the new work system. They come forward with the model that can be used to gauge whether or not existing culture is appropriate for the successful implementation of KM. (Hurley and Green 2005) utilized the Leavitts (1965) model of an organizational change as a framework to review the components essential for efficacious KM culture. The results portray that -task, structure, technology, and people conduce significantly to a KM culture. 2.2: Enablers and Disablers of knowledge management.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  After examining the literature, we found following culture connected factors that can effect knowledge management in the organizations either favorably or negatively. Kiasu-ism: Kiasu-ism refers to mentality that knowledge is power and job insecurities in addition to competition among peers, which lead to the hoarding of knowledge by employees for self-preservati on (Chaudry 2005; p.6). Culture in which Kiasu-ism exits will not be able to formulate culture of collaboration and mutual trust. Organizational culture should advertise the belief that sharing leads to power (Goh, Ryan et al. 2006).Organization has to make certain that their employees get the opportunity to learn but, also improve themselves at the job (Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003). Organizational culture that does not prop its employees to comprehend that sharing will increase collective power will not be able to  continue knowledge management (Milton 2002). Communities/Teams:   Organizational culture that does not encourage communities/teams building fails to institute knowledge management. Two heads can provide more solutions for any puzzle as compare to one head. To certify that knowledge sharing will take place among members, organization should make cross-divisional teams (Milton 2002).This drive will not only publicize the knowledge management, but it will also ease to amalgamate ideas from different sources (Nonaka 1995).By building teams organizations can make exercise the hidden skills and experience of its members in the more productive way (Choi 2004). Knowledge friendly culture is one in which employees work closely with each other (Usoro and Kuofie 2006).Teams or communities building begins collaboration. Collaboration refers to the degree to which people in a group actively assist one another in their task (Hurley and Green 2005; p.47). Without collaboration knowledge sharing and creation cannot occur; this is because collaboration directs toward the concept of togetherness. Organizational culture should publicize collaboration among the members of organization (Choi 2004).Teams can be intra departmental or cross departmental. Motivate through rewards incentives: Incentives and rewards are the source of motivation and moral boost. Incentives refer to things that have the ability to incite determination or action by employ ees in an organization. There are two types of rewards. Extrinsic rewards refer to positively valued work outcomes that are given to the employee in the work setting. Intrinsic rewards are positively valued work outcomes that are received by the employee directly as a result of task performance (Goh, Ryan et al. 2006; p.107). Both types of rewards lead to knowledge management. Incentives and rewards influence both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Amabile 1997).As employees indulge themselves only in those activities where their effort is appreciated, and they get favorable return for their effort (Gammelgaard 2007).These rewards will not only help employees to get personal satisfaction, but also help them to fulfill their monetary needs (Amabile 1997). Tolerance for errors/mistakes:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Organizations in which employees are  penalized for their errors/mistakes will not be able initiate knowledge management. Organizations should plug a culture in which emplo yee errors are tolerated rather penalized (Milton 2002).Mistakes devise opportunities for learning, which ease an organization to get new ideas (Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003). Time:   Organizations have to make certain that their employees get adequate time to imagine creatively (Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003).Apprehending and sharing of knowledge should be part of routine work rather another inclusion to responsibility (Milton 2002).Organizations can utilize its official and unofficial  time period. Common language: Organizations should exercise common language at the workplace i.e. official language (Milton 2002). Organization had to put a restriction on their employees to exercise only one language at the workplace and this language should be the only source of communication between employees (Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003). Trust:   Knowledge management requires trust. Trust is defined as An individuals reliance on another party under conditions of dependence and risk. (Ford 2001; p.30). According to, IBM institute of knowledge-based Organization (IKO) trust plays a vital role in knowledge sharing (Levin, Cross et al. 2002).Why knowledge management requires trust? This is because trust creates coordination and plays a vital role in the exchange of both explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Target of trust are, Table 2: Categories and Types of Trust Interpersonal trust The willingness of one person to increase his/her vulnerability to the actions of another person [e.g., Zand 1972] (Aulakh, Kotabe Sahay 1996,). Also defined as generalized expectancy that the verbal statements of others can be relied upon (Rotter 1967). Group trust The willingness of one person to increase his/her vulnerability to the actions of a group of people (Rousseau, et al. 1998) Organizational trust Organizational trust is a feeling of confidence and support in an employerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ organizational trust refers to employee faith in corporate goal attainment and organizational leaders, and to the belief that ultimately, organizational action will prove beneficial for employees (Gilbert Li-Ping Tang, 1998). Institutional trust Institutional trust is a feeling of confidence and security in institutions (e.g., the law, organizations), that the laws, policies, regulations, etc. are to protect the Individuals rights, and will not harm her/him Source: {Ford 2001; p.31} Share information freely:   Knowledge derived culture is one in which employees can share their information freely without any obstruction (Usoro and Kuofie 2006). Sharing of information happen freely, only, when the organization exercises its knowledge as strength and employees had free access to all kinds of relevant information i.e. routine and sensitive information without any barricade(Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003). Autonomy: Autonomy is tasked linked and referred to the degree to which organization members are allowed discretion in their work (Usoro and Kuofie 2006; p.19). Organization that assists its employee to comprehend that they are an asset for them and empower them to take part in the decision making lead toward knowledge management. Organizations that transfer their decision making initiative lower down the hierarchy will be able to implement knowledge management successfully in contrast to those org anizations that make their decision at the top level. By empowering employees organization can get more contributions from its employees in their meetings and on leading issues (Choi 2004). External orientation: It is the reality that every organization deal with external environment factors e.g. competition. So organizations have to outline their strategy correspondently. Organizations not only pivot on their intimate source of knowledge but also on its exterior sources (Chen and Lin 2004). It is the internal environment that sets the directives and criterions regarding how to deal with the external environment (Usoro and Kuofie 2006). Organizations often use consultants or conduct benchmarking (Hafeez, Abdelmeguid et al. 2000). External informants for knowledge management are industry trend analysis and journals (Nor 2006). Interdepartmental coordination: Interdepartmental coordination requires horizontal variables. This is because these variables can either dampen or ease o pen exchange of knowledge between group members (Usoro and Kuofie 2006). Horizontal interaction can help to achieve interdepartmental coordination (Long 1997).Horizontal interaction depends on volume of interaction. These interactions happen formally or informally (Sharratt and Usoro 2003). Human resource content:   Human resource content refers to explicit component of organizational culture (Quinn 1988; Gordon 1990; Gordon and DiTomaso 1992; Marcoulides and Heck 1993 as cited in ; Usoro and Kuofie 2006 ; p.19). Improvement orientation: Improvement orientation is meant to capture the pro-activity of the organization in improving its work practices (Usoro and Kuofie 2006; p.19). Organizations gauge their knowledge management process against set of standards at a permanent basis (Flynn 2004). Leadership: Leadership refers to the ability to influence and develop individuals and teams to achieve goals that have been set by the organization (Goh, Ryan et al. 2006; p.106) .It is the leader who plans the passage and employees have to drive along that. Organizational culture in which leaders lead from the front and support their employees be able to create and share knowledge (Ambrosio 2000). Leader can influence organizational culture through its instinct, purpose and programs (Haneberg, VP et al. 2009). There are two types of leaderships a) Transactional leadership and b) Transformational leadership. Transactional leadership refers to those leaders who guide and motivates subordinates in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements and transformational leadership refers to those leaders who possess charisma and provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation to subordinates (Goh, Ryan et al. 2006; p.107). Organizational culture that  got transformational leadership will be able to implement knowledge management successfully (Crawford 2003). Training: Organizational culture in which worth of knowledge is recognized, they train their employees by offering different programs i.e. mentorship programs, job rotation etc. Training can be provided on the job and off the job. These training session aid employees to enhance their knowledge (Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004). Success of knowledge management initiative relies on skills and motivation, which can be advanced only through training (Choi 2004). After reviewing forty articles, following organizational culture related factors were identified that can either facilitate or hinder knowledge management in the organization. Table 3: Summary of factors 1) Kiasu-ism (Flynn 2004; Chaudry 2005; Goh, Ryan et al. 2006) 2)Time availability (Milton 2002; Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003; Flynn 2004) 3) Teamwork/communities development (Tuggle and Shaw 2000; Milton 2002; Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003; Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Flynn 2004; Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004; Muhamad and Hayati 2006; Nor 2006) 4) Language (Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003; Warne, Ali et al. 2003) 5) Motivate through rewards incentives (Tuggle and Shaw 2000; Milton 2002; Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003; Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Flynn 2004; Muhamad and Hayati 2006; Gammelgaard 2007) 6) Trust (Tuggle and Shaw 2000; Ford 2001; Milton 2002; Sharratt and Usoro 2003; Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Goh, Ryan et al. 2006; Usoro and Kuofie 2006; Chen and Mohamed 2008) 7) Tolerance for error/mistakes (Long 1997; Tuggle and Shaw 2000; Milton 2002; Iftikhar, Dickson et al. 2003; Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Flynn 2004) 8) Free sharing (Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004; Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 9) Work closely with others (Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 10) Leadership (Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004; Goh, Ryan et al. 2006) 11) Autonomy (Chen and Lin 2004; Van den Berg and Wilderom 2004; Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 12) Training (Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Choi 2004; Flynn 2004; Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004) 13) External orientation (Van den Berg and Wilderom 2004; Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 14) Empowerment (Tuggle and Shaw 2000; Warne, Ali et al. 2003; Choi 2004; Gà ¼mà ¼ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ and Hamarat 2004) 15) Interdepartmental coordination (Van den Berg and Wilderom 2004; Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 16) Collaboration (Choi 2004; Flynn 2004; Goh, Ryan et al. 2006) 17) Human resource content (Van den Berg and Wilderom 2004; Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 18) Improvement orientation (Van d en Berg and Wilderom 2004; Usoro and Kuofie 2006) 3: Research Methodology The intention of this research was to identify top ten essential factors akin to the organizational culture that can conduce in the knowledge management. Apart from that diverse sub-factors were singled out that conceived to be indispensable for the knowledge management. The sample for this fact finding was taken from the banking sector of Pakistan i.e. Private, Public, Islamic and Foreign limited banks. The rationale to pick out the sample from this sector was that these organizations are practicing knowledge management and they are present at geographically dispersed locations. Total of 115 responses were used for the diagnosis. Response rate from these banks was 100%. This was due to the reasoning that we used snowball reference technique. The instrument deployed for this study was the questionnaire. For the sake of precise response questionnaires were filled at the spot personally. Data analysis was conducted by using Microsoft Excel version 2003 and Statistical package for soc ial science (SPSS) version 12 for windows. Two categories were advanced for the analysis, a) Private limited bank (63%, N=73) and b) Other limited banks (37%, N=42) i.e. Public, Islamic and Foreign banks. To examine the feedback of the responders for all variable quantities descriptive statistics were computed. Mean score was soiled to rank out of all those variables that conduce in knowledge management. High mean score delineates the most important factors and low mean score depicts the least important factor. Independent sample t-test was administered to determine the difference of mean score. Low significance values (Sig. 2-tailed 0.05) reveal all those variables on which responders of both private limited and other limited banks deviate considerably. The questionnaire was consisted of two sections. First section  used to navigate the  response of the respondents about top fifteen cultural factors that can add in knowledge management positively. This section was co mprised of eleven questions. In question one, respondents were asked score each variable out of 100. Based on this score top ten cultural factors were singled out. Question two to eleven was consisted of organization affiliated sub-factors that can contribute in knowledge management. In these questions, respondents were asked to indicate their feedback on the five point likert scale (1= strongly agree, 2= agree, 3=neutral, 4=disagree and 5= strongly disagree). Second section of the questionnaire was intended to collect general information i.e. name, designation, geographic location and contact information. Information was congregated from both managerial (75%, N=86) and non-managerial level (25%, N=29) employees by using the convenience based sampling. 4: Results.   This section presents the finding  on organizational cultural factors that were believed to be necessary for knowledge management. In first question, respondents of both private and other limited banks were asked to score each factor out of 100. Fifteen organizational culture related factors that were presented in the questionnaire. Results are summarized below in the Figure 1 and Figure 2.These results were summarized by  using a mean score. Based on the mean score all these factors were ranked. Figure 1: Organizational culture related factors for knowledge management (Private limited banks). Based on the mean score , it can be inferred that top ten cultural factors that are necessary for knowledge management in the private limited banks are; 1) leadership (m=87.63 ), followed by  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  2) trust (m=82.74 ), 3) training ( m=81.75 ), 4) use of reward and incentives (m=81.71 ), 5) free sharing of information between the employees (m= 79.97), 6) interdepartmental coordination (m= 79.14), 7) improvement orientation (m=75.75 ), 8) culture of team building to share knowledge (m=73.15 ), 9) human resource content (m=73.14 ) and 10) empowerment of the employee in the decision making (m=68.92 ). Figure 2: Organizational cultural related factors for knowledge management (Other limited banks). Based on the mean score of the other limited banks, it can be concluded that top ten cultural factors that are necessary for knowledge management are; 1) trust (m= 88.10), 2) training (m=82.02 ), 3) leadership (m=81.98 ), 4) use of reward and incentives (m=81.43 ), 5) free sharing of information between the employees (m=78.81 ), 6) interdepartmental coordination (m=76.93 ), 7) human resource content (m= 76.55), 8) use of common language at the workplace to share ideas (m=75.95 ), 9) improvement orientation (m=74.12 ) and 10) building teams or communities to share knowledge (m=72.74 ). A factor that was considered to be least significant in knowledge management was Kiasu-ism. It was ranked at 15th position by both private and other limited banks. Kiasu-ism refers to the ideology that knowledge is power only for me why I should share it with others?. Question two to eleven were designed to find out all those sub-factors that can contribute in the knowledge management. To testify the contribution of these sub-factors in the knowledge management descriptive statistics were used. Responses were based on the 5 point likert scale (1= strongly agree, 2= agree, 3=neutral, 4=disagree and 5= strongly disagree). Table 4; summarizes the results of both private and other limited banks on the likert scale. Table 4: Group Statistics for sub-factors. Banks N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Knowledge is power Private banks 73 4.3014 1.08890 .12745 Other banks 42 4.0000 1.22971 .18975 Sharing is power Ls Private banks 73 1.3014 .75801 .08872 Other banks 42 1.4048 .66478 .10258 Cross departmental teams Private banks 73 2.4384 1.01361 .11863 Other banks 42 2.4286 1.06251 .16395 Intra departmental teams Private banks 73 2.5753 1.07907 .12630 Other banks 42 2.5000 1.19450 .18432 Intrinsic rewards Private banks 73 3.2192 1.30434 .15266 Other banks 42 2.4286 .96633 .14911 Extrinsic rewards Private banks 73 1.7945 .92735 .10854 Other banks 42 2.2619 1.14890 .17728 Formal time Private banks 73 2.0137 1.16062 .13584 Other banks 42 1.9048 1.05483 .16276 Informal time Private banks 73 2 .9863 1.27468 .14919 Other banks 42 2.6905 1.02382 .15798 Official language Private banks 73 2.0000 1.23603 .14467 Other banks 42 1.9524 .98655 .15223 Local language Private banks 73 2.9863 1.30696 .15297 Other banks 42 2.8095 1.15269 .17786 Interpersonal trust Private banks 73 1.8356 .81673 .09559 Other banks 42 1.9762 .86920 .13412 Group trust Private banks 73 2.1233 1.04010 .12173 Other banks 42 2.1429 .81365 .12555 Organizational trust Private banks 73 2.1233 1.06647 .12482 Other banks 42 1.8571 .81365 .12555 Institutional trust Private banks 73 2.6438 1.04576 .12240 Other banks 42 2.1429 .95180 .14687 Access to sensitive information Private banks 73 3.5753 1.18928 .13919 Other banks 42 3.3333 1.24287 .19178 Access to routine in formation Private banks 73 1.6438 .91848 .10750 Other banks 42 1.7143 .74197 .11449 Use of consultants Private banks 73 2.5479 1.19072 .13936 Other banks 42 2.5952 1.21092 .18685 Benchmarking Private banks 73 2.2740 1.08347 .12681 Other banks 42 2.0476 1.01097 .15600 Transformational leadership Private banks 73 3.2877 1.16045 .13582 Other banks 42 3.3333 1.00406 .15493 Transactional leadership Private banks 73 1.6301 1.02071 .11947 Other banks 42 1.7143 .74197 .11449 On the job training Private banks 73 1.4521 .66752 .07813 Other banks 42 1.7381 .76699 .11835 Off the job training Private banks 73 3.2466 1.25588 .14699 Other banks 42 2.9762 1.21952 .18818 Note: Based on 5-point likert scale. According to the respondents of private limited banks, sub-fact ors that  were essential  for  the knowledge management are, 1) organization should promote the belief that sharing as a  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  power (m= 1.3014), 2) organization should offer extrinsic rewards (m= 1.7945), 3) official language (m=2.0000) should be used as a mean of communication rather local language, 4) interpersonal trust (m=1.8356) is required for knowledge management, 5) organization should grant free access to routine information (m=1.6438), 6) knowledge management requires transactional leadership (m=1.6301) and 7) on the job training (m=1.4521) is required for effective knowledge management. According to the respondents of the other limited banks sub-factors that can contribute in the knowledge management are; 1) organization should popularize sharing as a power (m=1.4048), 2) sharing of new ideas occurred during the formal time period i.e. during working hours (m=1.9048) rather during the informal time period i.e. during tea time or lunch b reaks, 3) official language (m=1.9524) should be used as a mean of communication rather local language, 4) effective knowledge management requires both interpersonal trust (m=1.9762) and 5) organizational trust (m=1.8571), 6) organization should provide free access to routine information (m=1.7143), 7) knowledge management requires transactional leadership(m=1.7143) and 8) on the job training (m=1.7381) is required for effective knowledge management. Independent sample t-test was accompanied to further inspect the level of consent between respondents of private and other limited banks on the sub-factors.  The results of independent sample t-test are summarized below in the table 5, Table 5: Independent sample t-test for sub-factors Variables Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Knowledge is power. Equal variances assumed 0.296 0.588 1.363 113 0.176 0.30137 0.22117 -0.1368 0.73955 Sharing is power Equal variances assumed 0.201 0.655 -0.74 113 0.463 -0.10339 0.14052 -0.3818 0.17501 Cross departmental teams Equal variances assumed 0 0.988 0.049 113 0.961 0.00978 0.19979 -0.386 0.40561 Intra departmental teams Equal variances assumed 1.763 0.187 0.347 113 0.73 0.07534 0.21736 -0.3553 0.50597 Intrinsic rewards Equal variances not assumed 5.862 0.017 3.705 105.8 0** 0.79061 0.2134 0.36752 1.2137 Extrinsic rewards Equal variances assumed 1.588 0.21 -2.38 113 0.019** -0.46738 0.19626 -0.8562 -0.0786 Formal time Equal variances assumed 0.632 0.428 0.501 113 0.618 0.10894 0.21757 -0.3221 0.53997 Informal time Equal variances assumed 2.443 0.121 1.284 113 0.202 0.29583 0.23043 -0.1607 0.75234 Official language Equal variances assumed 2.132 0.147 0.213 113 0.831 0.04762 0.22306 -0.3943 0.48955 Local language Equal variances assumed 0.661 0.418 0.728 113 0.468 0.17678 0.2427 -0.3041 0.65762 Interpersonal trust Equal variances assumed 0.503 0.48 -0.87 113 0.387 -0.14057 0.16194 -0.4614 0.18025 Group trust Equal variances assumed 1.58 0.211 -0.11 113 0.917 -0.01957 0.18672 -0.3895 0.35035 Organizational trust Equal variances assumed 0.72 0.398 1.399 113 0.165 0.26614 0.19024 -0.1108 0.64305 Ins titutional trust Equal variances assumed 2.768 0.099 2.554 113 0.012** 0.50098 0.19612 0.11242 0.88954 Access to sensitive information Equal variances assumed 0.291 0.591 1.034 113 0.304 0.24201 0.23415 -0.2219 0.7059 Access to routine information Equal variances assumed 0.84 0.361 -0.42 113 0.673 -0.07045 0.16629 -0.3999 0.25901 Use of consultants Equal variances assumed 0.002 0.964 -0.2 113 0.839 -0.04729 0.23203 -0.507 0.41241 Benchmarking Equal variances assumed 1.169 0.282 1.105 113 0.272 0.22635 0.20485 -0.1795 0.6322 Transformational leadership Equal variances assumed 1.32 0.253 -0.21 113 0.832 -0.04566 0.21425 -0.4701 0.37881 Transactional leadership Equal variances assumed 2.784 0.098 -0.47 113 0.641 -0.08415 0.17998 -0.4407 0.27242 On the job tra ining Equal variances assumed 1.023 0.314 -2.09 113 0.038** -0.28604 0.13658 -0.5566 -0.0154 Off the job training Equal variances assumed 0.884 0.349 1.123 113 0.264 0.27038 0.2407 -0.2065 0.74725 Note: Based on a 5-point likert scale. ** Sig. (2-tailed0.05) depict those factors on which respondents of private and other limited banks differ significantly. Based on the above results, we can infer that both private and other limited banks deviate significantly on these factors; on the job training, Institutional trust, extrinsic rewards and the use of intrinsic rewards to promote knowledge management in the organization. 5: Conclusion: The findings of this research will enable the management of banking sector to get know-how about all those factors that can contribute positively in knowledge management. By addressing these factors management will be able to create knowledge based culture. This initiative will help management to deliver quality service and get good return on investment on major decisions. Moreover, it will help other organizations to implement knowledge management without any barricade. Every organization need to address its culture related at first. Results reveal that most respondents are at an agreement that cultural factors add positively toward knowledge management in their organization. To formulate knowledge based culture organizations should address these top ten issues i.e. trust, leadership, training, use of rewards/incentives, free sharing of information, interdepartmental coordination, human resource content, language, improvement orientation and building communities/teams to share inf ormation. As the process of knowledge management in its evolution stage but its importance is acknowledged by various organizations, and they are implementing it in their organization so that they can get a competitive edge over their rivals. Our survey analysis reveals that without addressing these cultural  factors knowledge managements cannot be implemented successfully. Hence, we can say that at first organizations should address these cultural factors at first, and then they should implement knowledge management in their organization. The main limitations in our research study were,  a) time available to complete our research was limited and  b) most of the banks i.e. foreign and islamic limited banks are operating  at the limited scale with few branches all over Pakistan.